diff --git a/trellis/modules/attention/modules.py b/trellis/modules/attention/modules.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbe6235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trellis/modules/attention/modules.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+from typing import *
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+from .full_attn import scaled_dot_product_attention
+
+
+class MultiHeadRMSNorm(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, dim: int, heads: int):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.scale = dim ** 0.5
+        self.gamma = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(heads, dim))
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return (F.normalize(x.float(), dim = -1) * self.gamma * self.scale).to(x.dtype)
+
+
+class RotaryPositionEmbedder(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, hidden_size: int, in_channels: int = 3):
+        super().__init__()
+        assert hidden_size % 2 == 0, "Hidden size must be divisible by 2"
+        self.hidden_size = hidden_size
+        self.in_channels = in_channels
+        self.freq_dim = hidden_size // in_channels // 2
+        self.freqs = torch.arange(self.freq_dim, dtype=torch.float32) / self.freq_dim
+        self.freqs = 1.0 / (10000 ** self.freqs)
+        
+    def _get_phases(self, indices: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        self.freqs = self.freqs.to(indices.device)
+        phases = torch.outer(indices, self.freqs)
+        phases = torch.polar(torch.ones_like(phases), phases)
+        return phases
+        
+    def _rotary_embedding(self, x: torch.Tensor, phases: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        x_complex = torch.view_as_complex(x.float().reshape(*x.shape[:-1], -1, 2))
+        x_rotated = x_complex * phases
+        x_embed = torch.view_as_real(x_rotated).reshape(*x_rotated.shape[:-1], -1).to(x.dtype)
+        return x_embed
+        
+    def forward(self, q: torch.Tensor, k: torch.Tensor, indices: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        """
+        Args:
+            q (sp.SparseTensor): [..., N, D] tensor of queries
+            k (sp.SparseTensor): [..., N, D] tensor of keys
+            indices (torch.Tensor): [..., N, C] tensor of spatial positions
+        """
+        if indices is None:
+            indices = torch.arange(q.shape[-2], device=q.device)
+            if len(q.shape) > 2:
+                indices = indices.unsqueeze(0).expand(q.shape[:-2] + (-1,))
+        
+        phases = self._get_phases(indices.reshape(-1)).reshape(*indices.shape[:-1], -1)
+        if phases.shape[1] < self.hidden_size // 2:
+            phases = torch.cat([phases, torch.polar(
+                torch.ones(*phases.shape[:-1], self.hidden_size // 2 - phases.shape[1], device=phases.device),
+                torch.zeros(*phases.shape[:-1], self.hidden_size // 2 - phases.shape[1], device=phases.device)
+            )], dim=-1)
+        q_embed = self._rotary_embedding(q, phases)
+        k_embed = self._rotary_embedding(k, phases)
+        return q_embed, k_embed
+    
+
+class MultiHeadAttention(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        channels: int,
+        num_heads: int,
+        ctx_channels: Optional[int]=None,
+        type: Literal["self", "cross"] = "self",
+        attn_mode: Literal["full", "windowed"] = "full",
+        window_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        shift_window: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = None,
+        qkv_bias: bool = True,
+        use_rope: bool = False,
+        qk_rms_norm: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        assert channels % num_heads == 0
+        assert type in ["self", "cross"], f"Invalid attention type: {type}"
+        assert attn_mode in ["full", "windowed"], f"Invalid attention mode: {attn_mode}"
+        assert type == "self" or attn_mode == "full", "Cross-attention only supports full attention"
+        
+        if attn_mode == "windowed":
+            raise NotImplementedError("Windowed attention is not yet implemented")
+        
+        self.channels = channels
+        self.head_dim = channels // num_heads
+        self.ctx_channels = ctx_channels if ctx_channels is not None else channels
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        self._type = type
+        self.attn_mode = attn_mode
+        self.window_size = window_size
+        self.shift_window = shift_window
+        self.use_rope = use_rope
+        self.qk_rms_norm = qk_rms_norm
+
+        if self._type == "self":
+            self.to_qkv = nn.Linear(channels, channels * 3, bias=qkv_bias)
+        else:
+            self.to_q = nn.Linear(channels, channels, bias=qkv_bias)
+            self.to_kv = nn.Linear(self.ctx_channels, channels * 2, bias=qkv_bias)
+            
+        if self.qk_rms_norm:
+            self.q_rms_norm = MultiHeadRMSNorm(self.head_dim, num_heads)
+            self.k_rms_norm = MultiHeadRMSNorm(self.head_dim, num_heads)
+            
+        self.to_out = nn.Linear(channels, channels)
+
+        if use_rope:
+            self.rope = RotaryPositionEmbedder(channels)
+    
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, context: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, indices: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
+        B, L, C = x.shape
+        if self._type == "self":
+            qkv = self.to_qkv(x)
+            qkv = qkv.reshape(B, L, 3, self.num_heads, -1)
+            if self.use_rope:
+                q, k, v = qkv.unbind(dim=2)
+                q, k = self.rope(q, k, indices)
+                qkv = torch.stack([q, k, v], dim=2)
+            if self.attn_mode == "full":
+                if self.qk_rms_norm:
+                    q, k, v = qkv.unbind(dim=2)
+                    q = self.q_rms_norm(q)
+                    k = self.k_rms_norm(k)
+                    h = scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v)
+                else:
+                    h = scaled_dot_product_attention(qkv)
+            elif self.attn_mode == "windowed":
+                raise NotImplementedError("Windowed attention is not yet implemented")
+        else:
+            Lkv = context.shape[1]
+            q = self.to_q(x)
+            kv = self.to_kv(context)
+            q = q.reshape(B, L, self.num_heads, -1)
+            kv = kv.reshape(B, Lkv, 2, self.num_heads, -1)
+            if self.qk_rms_norm:
+                q = self.q_rms_norm(q)
+                k, v = kv.unbind(dim=2)
+                k = self.k_rms_norm(k)
+                h = scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v)
+            else:
+                h = scaled_dot_product_attention(q, kv)
+        h = h.reshape(B, L, -1)
+        h = self.to_out(h)
+        return h
diff --git a/trellis/modules/sparse/attention/modules.py b/trellis/modules/sparse/attention/modules.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d2fe78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trellis/modules/sparse/attention/modules.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+from typing import *
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+from .. import SparseTensor
+from .full_attn import sparse_scaled_dot_product_attention
+from .serialized_attn import SerializeMode, sparse_serialized_scaled_dot_product_self_attention
+from .windowed_attn import sparse_windowed_scaled_dot_product_self_attention
+from ...attention import RotaryPositionEmbedder
+
+
+class SparseMultiHeadRMSNorm(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, dim: int, heads: int):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.scale = dim ** 0.5
+        self.gamma = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(heads, dim))
+
+    def forward(self, x: Union[SparseTensor, torch.Tensor]) -> Union[SparseTensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        x_type = x.dtype
+        x = x.float()
+        if isinstance(x, SparseTensor):
+            x = x.replace(F.normalize(x.feats, dim=-1))
+        else:
+            x = F.normalize(x, dim=-1)            
+        return (x * self.gamma * self.scale).to(x_type)
+
+
+class SparseMultiHeadAttention(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        channels: int,
+        num_heads: int,
+        ctx_channels: Optional[int] = None,
+        type: Literal["self", "cross"] = "self",
+        attn_mode: Literal["full", "serialized", "windowed"] = "full",
+        window_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        shift_sequence: Optional[int] = None,
+        shift_window: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = None,
+        serialize_mode: Optional[SerializeMode] = None,
+        qkv_bias: bool = True,
+        use_rope: bool = False,
+        qk_rms_norm: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        assert channels % num_heads == 0
+        assert type in ["self", "cross"], f"Invalid attention type: {type}"
+        assert attn_mode in ["full", "serialized", "windowed"], f"Invalid attention mode: {attn_mode}"
+        assert type == "self" or attn_mode == "full", "Cross-attention only supports full attention"
+        assert type == "self" or use_rope is False, "Rotary position embeddings only supported for self-attention"
+        self.channels = channels
+        self.ctx_channels = ctx_channels if ctx_channels is not None else channels
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        self._type = type
+        self.attn_mode = attn_mode
+        self.window_size = window_size
+        self.shift_sequence = shift_sequence
+        self.shift_window = shift_window
+        self.serialize_mode = serialize_mode
+        self.use_rope = use_rope
+        self.qk_rms_norm = qk_rms_norm
+
+        if self._type == "self":
+            self.to_qkv = nn.Linear(channels, channels * 3, bias=qkv_bias)
+        else:
+            self.to_q = nn.Linear(channels, channels, bias=qkv_bias)
+            self.to_kv = nn.Linear(self.ctx_channels, channels * 2, bias=qkv_bias)
+        
+        if self.qk_rms_norm:
+            self.q_rms_norm = SparseMultiHeadRMSNorm(channels // num_heads, num_heads)
+            self.k_rms_norm = SparseMultiHeadRMSNorm(channels // num_heads, num_heads)
+            
+        self.to_out = nn.Linear(channels, channels)
+
+        if use_rope:
+            self.rope = RotaryPositionEmbedder(channels)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _linear(module: nn.Linear, x: Union[SparseTensor, torch.Tensor]) -> Union[SparseTensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        if isinstance(x, SparseTensor):
+            return x.replace(module(x.feats))
+        else:
+            return module(x)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _reshape_chs(x: Union[SparseTensor, torch.Tensor], shape: Tuple[int, ...]) -> Union[SparseTensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        if isinstance(x, SparseTensor):
+            return x.reshape(*shape)
+        else:
+            return x.reshape(*x.shape[:2], *shape)
+
+    def _fused_pre(self, x: Union[SparseTensor, torch.Tensor], num_fused: int) -> Union[SparseTensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        if isinstance(x, SparseTensor):
+            x_feats = x.feats.unsqueeze(0)
+        else:
+            x_feats = x
+        x_feats = x_feats.reshape(*x_feats.shape[:2], num_fused, self.num_heads, -1)
+        return x.replace(x_feats.squeeze(0)) if isinstance(x, SparseTensor) else x_feats
+
+    def _rope(self, qkv: SparseTensor) -> SparseTensor:
+        q, k, v = qkv.feats.unbind(dim=1)   # [T, H, C]
+        q, k = self.rope(q, k, qkv.coords[:, 1:])
+        qkv = qkv.replace(torch.stack([q, k, v], dim=1)) 
+        return qkv
+    
+    def forward(self, x: Union[SparseTensor, torch.Tensor], context: Optional[Union[SparseTensor, torch.Tensor]] = None) -> Union[SparseTensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        if self._type == "self":
+            qkv = self._linear(self.to_qkv, x)
+            qkv = self._fused_pre(qkv, num_fused=3)
+            if self.use_rope:
+                qkv = self._rope(qkv)
+            if self.qk_rms_norm:
+                q, k, v = qkv.unbind(dim=1)
+                q = self.q_rms_norm(q)
+                k = self.k_rms_norm(k)
+                qkv = qkv.replace(torch.stack([q.feats, k.feats, v.feats], dim=1))
+            if self.attn_mode == "full":
+                h = sparse_scaled_dot_product_attention(qkv)
+            elif self.attn_mode == "serialized":
+                h = sparse_serialized_scaled_dot_product_self_attention(
+                    qkv, self.window_size, serialize_mode=self.serialize_mode, shift_sequence=self.shift_sequence, shift_window=self.shift_window
+                )
+            elif self.attn_mode == "windowed":
+                h = sparse_windowed_scaled_dot_product_self_attention(
+                    qkv, self.window_size, shift_window=self.shift_window
+                )
+        else:
+            q = self._linear(self.to_q, x)
+            q = self._reshape_chs(q, (self.num_heads, -1))
+            kv = self._linear(self.to_kv, context)
+            kv = self._fused_pre(kv, num_fused=2)
+            if self.qk_rms_norm:
+                q = self.q_rms_norm(q)
+                k, v = kv.unbind(dim=1)
+                k = self.k_rms_norm(k)
+                kv = kv.replace(torch.stack([k.feats, v.feats], dim=1))
+            h = sparse_scaled_dot_product_attention(q, kv)
+        h = self._reshape_chs(h, (-1,))
+        h = self._linear(self.to_out, h)
+        return h
diff --git a/trellis/modules/sparse/linear.py b/trellis/modules/sparse/linear.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a854e77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trellis/modules/sparse/linear.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+from . import SparseTensor
+
+__all__ = [
+    'SparseLinear'
+]
+
+
+class SparseLinear(nn.Linear):
+    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, bias=True):
+        super(SparseLinear, self).__init__(in_features, out_features, bias)
+
+    def forward(self, input: SparseTensor) -> SparseTensor:
+        return input.replace(super().forward(input.feats))
diff --git a/trellis/modules/sparse/transformer/modulated.py b/trellis/modules/sparse/transformer/modulated.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a84165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trellis/modules/sparse/transformer/modulated.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+from typing import *
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+from ..basic import SparseTensor
+from ..attention import SparseMultiHeadAttention, SerializeMode
+from ...norm import LayerNorm32
+from .blocks import SparseFeedForwardNet
+
+
+class ModulatedSparseTransformerBlock(nn.Module):
+    """
+    Sparse Transformer block (MSA + FFN) with adaptive layer norm conditioning.
+    """
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        channels: int,
+        num_heads: int,
+        mlp_ratio: float = 4.0,
+        attn_mode: Literal["full", "shift_window", "shift_sequence", "shift_order", "swin"] = "full",
+        window_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        shift_sequence: Optional[int] = None,
+        shift_window: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = None,
+        serialize_mode: Optional[SerializeMode] = None,
+        use_checkpoint: bool = False,
+        use_rope: bool = False,
+        qk_rms_norm: bool = False,
+        qkv_bias: bool = True,
+        share_mod: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.use_checkpoint = use_checkpoint
+        self.share_mod = share_mod
+        self.norm1 = LayerNorm32(channels, elementwise_affine=False, eps=1e-6)
+        self.norm2 = LayerNorm32(channels, elementwise_affine=False, eps=1e-6)
+        self.attn = SparseMultiHeadAttention(
+            channels,
+            num_heads=num_heads,
+            attn_mode=attn_mode,
+            window_size=window_size,
+            shift_sequence=shift_sequence,
+            shift_window=shift_window,
+            serialize_mode=serialize_mode,
+            qkv_bias=qkv_bias,
+            use_rope=use_rope,
+            qk_rms_norm=qk_rms_norm,
+        )
+        self.mlp = SparseFeedForwardNet(
+            channels,
+            mlp_ratio=mlp_ratio,
+        )
+        if not share_mod:
+            self.adaLN_modulation = nn.Sequential(
+                nn.SiLU(),
+                nn.Linear(channels, 6 * channels, bias=True)
+            )
+
+    def _forward(self, x: SparseTensor, mod: torch.Tensor) -> SparseTensor:
+        if self.share_mod:
+            shift_msa, scale_msa, gate_msa, shift_mlp, scale_mlp, gate_mlp = mod.chunk(6, dim=1)
+        else:
+            shift_msa, scale_msa, gate_msa, shift_mlp, scale_mlp, gate_mlp = self.adaLN_modulation(mod).chunk(6, dim=1)
+        h = x.replace(self.norm1(x.feats))
+        h = h * (1 + scale_msa) + shift_msa
+        h = self.attn(h)
+        h = h * gate_msa
+        x = x + h
+        h = x.replace(self.norm2(x.feats))
+        h = h * (1 + scale_mlp) + shift_mlp
+        h = self.mlp(h)
+        h = h * gate_mlp
+        x = x + h
+        return x
+
+    def forward(self, x: SparseTensor, mod: torch.Tensor) -> SparseTensor:
+        if self.use_checkpoint:
+            return torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint(self._forward, x, mod, use_reentrant=False)
+        else:
+            return self._forward(x, mod)
+
+
+class ModulatedSparseTransformerCrossBlock(nn.Module):
+    """
+    Sparse Transformer cross-attention block (MSA + MCA + FFN) with adaptive layer norm conditioning.
+    """
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        channels: int,
+        ctx_channels: int,
+        num_heads: int,
+        mlp_ratio: float = 4.0,
+        attn_mode: Literal["full", "shift_window", "shift_sequence", "shift_order", "swin"] = "full",
+        window_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        shift_sequence: Optional[int] = None,
+        shift_window: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = None,
+        serialize_mode: Optional[SerializeMode] = None,
+        use_checkpoint: bool = False,
+        use_rope: bool = False,
+        qk_rms_norm: bool = False,
+        qk_rms_norm_cross: bool = False,
+        qkv_bias: bool = True,
+        share_mod: bool = False,
+
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.use_checkpoint = use_checkpoint
+        self.share_mod = share_mod
+        self.norm1 = LayerNorm32(channels, elementwise_affine=False, eps=1e-6)
+        self.norm2 = LayerNorm32(channels, elementwise_affine=True, eps=1e-6)
+        self.norm3 = LayerNorm32(channels, elementwise_affine=False, eps=1e-6)
+        self.self_attn = SparseMultiHeadAttention(
+            channels,
+            num_heads=num_heads,
+            type="self",
+            attn_mode=attn_mode,
+            window_size=window_size,
+            shift_sequence=shift_sequence,
+            shift_window=shift_window,
+            serialize_mode=serialize_mode,
+            qkv_bias=qkv_bias,
+            use_rope=use_rope,
+            qk_rms_norm=qk_rms_norm,
+        )
+        self.cross_attn = SparseMultiHeadAttention(
+            channels,
+            ctx_channels=ctx_channels,
+            num_heads=num_heads,
+            type="cross",
+            attn_mode="full",
+            qkv_bias=qkv_bias,
+            qk_rms_norm=qk_rms_norm_cross,
+        )
+        self.mlp = SparseFeedForwardNet(
+            channels,
+            mlp_ratio=mlp_ratio,
+        )
+        if not share_mod:
+            self.adaLN_modulation = nn.Sequential(
+                nn.SiLU(),
+                nn.Linear(channels, 6 * channels, bias=True)
+            )
+
+    def _forward(self, x: SparseTensor, mod: torch.Tensor, context: torch.Tensor) -> SparseTensor:
+        if self.share_mod:
+            shift_msa, scale_msa, gate_msa, shift_mlp, scale_mlp, gate_mlp = mod.chunk(6, dim=1)
+        else:
+            shift_msa, scale_msa, gate_msa, shift_mlp, scale_mlp, gate_mlp = self.adaLN_modulation(mod).chunk(6, dim=1)
+        h = x.replace(self.norm1(x.feats))
+        h = h * (1 + scale_msa) + shift_msa
+        h = self.self_attn(h)
+        h = h * gate_msa
+        x = x + h
+        h = x.replace(self.norm2(x.feats))
+        h = self.cross_attn(h, context)
+        x = x + h
+        h = x.replace(self.norm3(x.feats))
+        h = h * (1 + scale_mlp) + shift_mlp
+        h = self.mlp(h)
+        h = h * gate_mlp
+        x = x + h
+        return x
+
+    def forward(self, x: SparseTensor, mod: torch.Tensor, context: torch.Tensor) -> SparseTensor:
+        if self.use_checkpoint:
+            return torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint(self._forward, x, mod, context, use_reentrant=False)
+        else:
+            return self._forward(x, mod, context)
diff --git a/trellis/modules/transformer/modulated.py b/trellis/modules/transformer/modulated.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4aeca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trellis/modules/transformer/modulated.py
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+from typing import *
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+from ..attention import MultiHeadAttention
+from ..norm import LayerNorm32
+from .blocks import FeedForwardNet
+
+
+class ModulatedTransformerBlock(nn.Module):
+    """
+    Transformer block (MSA + FFN) with adaptive layer norm conditioning.
+    """
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        channels: int,
+        num_heads: int,
+        mlp_ratio: float = 4.0,
+        attn_mode: Literal["full", "windowed"] = "full",
+        window_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        shift_window: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = None,
+        use_checkpoint: bool = False,
+        use_rope: bool = False,
+        qk_rms_norm: bool = False,
+        qkv_bias: bool = True,
+        share_mod: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.use_checkpoint = use_checkpoint
+        self.share_mod = share_mod
+        self.norm1 = LayerNorm32(channels, elementwise_affine=False, eps=1e-6)
+        self.norm2 = LayerNorm32(channels, elementwise_affine=False, eps=1e-6)
+        self.attn = MultiHeadAttention(
+            channels,
+            num_heads=num_heads,
+            attn_mode=attn_mode,
+            window_size=window_size,
+            shift_window=shift_window,
+            qkv_bias=qkv_bias,
+            use_rope=use_rope,
+            qk_rms_norm=qk_rms_norm,
+        )
+        self.mlp = FeedForwardNet(
+            channels,
+            mlp_ratio=mlp_ratio,
+        )
+        if not share_mod:
+            self.adaLN_modulation = nn.Sequential(
+                nn.SiLU(),
+                nn.Linear(channels, 6 * channels, bias=True)
+            )
+
+    def _forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, mod: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        if self.share_mod:
+            shift_msa, scale_msa, gate_msa, shift_mlp, scale_mlp, gate_mlp = mod.chunk(6, dim=1)
+        else:
+            shift_msa, scale_msa, gate_msa, shift_mlp, scale_mlp, gate_mlp = self.adaLN_modulation(mod).chunk(6, dim=1)
+        h = self.norm1(x)
+        h = h * (1 + scale_msa.unsqueeze(1)) + shift_msa.unsqueeze(1)
+        h = self.attn(h)
+        h = h * gate_msa.unsqueeze(1)
+        x = x + h
+        h = self.norm2(x)
+        h = h * (1 + scale_mlp.unsqueeze(1)) + shift_mlp.unsqueeze(1)
+        h = self.mlp(h)
+        h = h * gate_mlp.unsqueeze(1)
+        x = x + h
+        return x
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, mod: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        if self.use_checkpoint:
+            return torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint(self._forward, x, mod, use_reentrant=False)
+        else:
+            return self._forward(x, mod)
+
+
+class ModulatedTransformerCrossBlock(nn.Module):
+    """
+    Transformer cross-attention block (MSA + MCA + FFN) with adaptive layer norm conditioning.
+    """
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        channels: int,
+        ctx_channels: int,
+        num_heads: int,
+        mlp_ratio: float = 4.0,
+        attn_mode: Literal["full", "windowed"] = "full",
+        window_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        shift_window: Optional[Tuple[int, int, int]] = None,
+        use_checkpoint: bool = False,
+        use_rope: bool = False,
+        qk_rms_norm: bool = False,
+        qk_rms_norm_cross: bool = False,
+        qkv_bias: bool = True,
+        share_mod: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.use_checkpoint = use_checkpoint
+        self.share_mod = share_mod
+        self.norm1 = LayerNorm32(channels, elementwise_affine=False, eps=1e-6)
+        self.norm2 = LayerNorm32(channels, elementwise_affine=True, eps=1e-6)
+        self.norm3 = LayerNorm32(channels, elementwise_affine=False, eps=1e-6)
+        self.self_attn = MultiHeadAttention(
+            channels,
+            num_heads=num_heads,
+            type="self",
+            attn_mode=attn_mode,
+            window_size=window_size,
+            shift_window=shift_window,
+            qkv_bias=qkv_bias,
+            use_rope=use_rope,
+            qk_rms_norm=qk_rms_norm,
+        )
+        self.cross_attn = MultiHeadAttention(
+            channels,
+            ctx_channels=ctx_channels,
+            num_heads=num_heads,
+            type="cross",
+            attn_mode="full",
+            qkv_bias=qkv_bias,
+            qk_rms_norm=qk_rms_norm_cross,
+        )
+        self.mlp = FeedForwardNet(
+            channels,
+            mlp_ratio=mlp_ratio,
+        )
+        if not share_mod:
+            self.adaLN_modulation = nn.Sequential(
+                nn.SiLU(),
+                nn.Linear(channels, 6 * channels, bias=True)
+            )
+
+    def _forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, mod: torch.Tensor, context: torch.Tensor):
+        if self.share_mod:
+            shift_msa, scale_msa, gate_msa, shift_mlp, scale_mlp, gate_mlp = mod.chunk(6, dim=1)
+        else:
+            shift_msa, scale_msa, gate_msa, shift_mlp, scale_mlp, gate_mlp = self.adaLN_modulation(mod).chunk(6, dim=1)
+        h = self.norm1(x)
+        h = h * (1 + scale_msa.unsqueeze(1)) + shift_msa.unsqueeze(1)
+        h = self.self_attn(h)
+        h = h * gate_msa.unsqueeze(1)
+        x = x + h
+        h = self.norm2(x)
+        h = self.cross_attn(h, context)
+        x = x + h
+        h = self.norm3(x)
+        h = h * (1 + scale_mlp.unsqueeze(1)) + shift_mlp.unsqueeze(1)
+        h = self.mlp(h)
+        h = h * gate_mlp.unsqueeze(1)
+        x = x + h
+        return x
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor, mod: torch.Tensor, context: torch.Tensor):
+        if self.use_checkpoint:
+            return torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint(self._forward, x, mod, context, use_reentrant=False)
+        else:
+            return self._forward(x, mod, context)
+        
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trellis/renderers/mesh_renderer.py b/trellis/renderers/mesh_renderer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b504fa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trellis/renderers/mesh_renderer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+import torch
+import nvdiffrast.torch as dr
+from easydict import EasyDict as edict
+from ..representations.mesh import MeshExtractResult
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+
+
+def intrinsics_to_projection(
+        intrinsics: torch.Tensor,
+        near: float,
+        far: float,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+    """
+    OpenCV intrinsics to OpenGL perspective matrix
+
+    Args:
+        intrinsics (torch.Tensor): [3, 3] OpenCV intrinsics matrix
+        near (float): near plane to clip
+        far (float): far plane to clip
+    Returns:
+        (torch.Tensor): [4, 4] OpenGL perspective matrix
+    """
+    fx, fy = intrinsics[0, 0], intrinsics[1, 1]
+    cx, cy = intrinsics[0, 2], intrinsics[1, 2]
+    ret = torch.zeros((4, 4), dtype=intrinsics.dtype, device=intrinsics.device)
+    ret[0, 0] = 2 * fx
+    ret[1, 1] = 2 * fy
+    ret[0, 2] = 2 * cx - 1
+    ret[1, 2] = - 2 * cy + 1
+    ret[2, 2] = far / (far - near)
+    ret[2, 3] = near * far / (near - far)
+    ret[3, 2] = 1.
+    return ret
+
+
+class MeshRenderer:
+    """
+    Renderer for the Mesh representation.
+
+    Args:
+        rendering_options (dict): Rendering options.
+        glctx (nvdiffrast.torch.RasterizeGLContext): RasterizeGLContext object for CUDA/OpenGL interop.
+        """
+    def __init__(self, rendering_options={}, device='cuda'):
+        self.rendering_options = edict({
+            "resolution": None,
+            "near": None,
+            "far": None,
+            "ssaa": 1
+        })
+        self.rendering_options.update(rendering_options)
+        self.glctx = dr.RasterizeCudaContext(device=device)
+        self.device=device
+        
+    def render(
+            self,
+            mesh : MeshExtractResult,
+            extrinsics: torch.Tensor,
+            intrinsics: torch.Tensor,
+            return_types = ["mask", "normal", "depth"]
+        ) -> edict:
+        """
+        Render the mesh.
+
+        Args:
+            mesh : meshmodel
+            extrinsics (torch.Tensor): (4, 4) camera extrinsics
+            intrinsics (torch.Tensor): (3, 3) camera intrinsics
+            return_types (list): list of return types, can be "mask", "depth", "normal_map", "normal", "color"
+
+        Returns:
+            edict based on return_types containing:
+                color (torch.Tensor): [3, H, W] rendered color image
+                depth (torch.Tensor): [H, W] rendered depth image
+                normal (torch.Tensor): [3, H, W] rendered normal image
+                normal_map (torch.Tensor): [3, H, W] rendered normal map image
+                mask (torch.Tensor): [H, W] rendered mask image
+        """
+        resolution = self.rendering_options["resolution"]
+        near = self.rendering_options["near"]
+        far = self.rendering_options["far"]
+        ssaa = self.rendering_options["ssaa"]
+        
+        if mesh.vertices.shape[0] == 0 or mesh.faces.shape[0] == 0:
+            default_img = torch.zeros((1, resolution, resolution, 3), dtype=torch.float32, device=self.device)
+            ret_dict = {k : default_img if k in ['normal', 'normal_map', 'color'] else default_img[..., :1] for k in return_types}
+            return ret_dict
+        
+        perspective = intrinsics_to_projection(intrinsics, near, far)
+        
+        RT = extrinsics.unsqueeze(0)
+        full_proj = (perspective @ extrinsics).unsqueeze(0)
+        
+        vertices = mesh.vertices.unsqueeze(0)
+
+        vertices_homo = torch.cat([vertices, torch.ones_like(vertices[..., :1])], dim=-1)
+        vertices_camera = torch.bmm(vertices_homo, RT.transpose(-1, -2))
+        vertices_clip = torch.bmm(vertices_homo, full_proj.transpose(-1, -2))
+        faces_int = mesh.faces.int()
+        rast, _ = dr.rasterize(
+            self.glctx, vertices_clip, faces_int, (resolution * ssaa, resolution * ssaa))
+        
+        out_dict = edict()
+        for type in return_types:
+            img = None
+            if type == "mask" :
+                img = dr.antialias((rast[..., -1:] > 0).float(), rast, vertices_clip, faces_int)
+            elif type == "depth":
+                img = dr.interpolate(vertices_camera[..., 2:3].contiguous(), rast, faces_int)[0]
+                img = dr.antialias(img, rast, vertices_clip, faces_int)
+            elif type == "normal" :
+                img = dr.interpolate(
+                    mesh.face_normal.reshape(1, -1, 3), rast,
+                    torch.arange(mesh.faces.shape[0] * 3, device=self.device, dtype=torch.int).reshape(-1, 3)
+                )[0]
+                img = dr.antialias(img, rast, vertices_clip, faces_int)
+                # normalize norm pictures
+                img = (img + 1) / 2
+            elif type == "normal_map" :
+                img = dr.interpolate(mesh.vertex_attrs[:, 3:].contiguous(), rast, faces_int)[0]
+                img = dr.antialias(img, rast, vertices_clip, faces_int)
+            elif type == "color" :
+                img = dr.interpolate(mesh.vertex_attrs[:, :3].contiguous(), rast, faces_int)[0]
+                img = dr.antialias(img, rast, vertices_clip, faces_int)
+
+            if ssaa > 1:
+                img = F.interpolate(img.permute(0, 3, 1, 2), (resolution, resolution), mode='bilinear', align_corners=False, antialias=True)
+                img = img.squeeze()
+            else:
+                img = img.permute(0, 3, 1, 2).squeeze()
+            out_dict[type] = img
+
+        return out_dict
diff --git a/trellis/representations/mesh/flexicubes/examples/loss.py b/trellis/representations/mesh/flexicubes/examples/loss.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e97160
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trellis/representations/mesh/flexicubes/examples/loss.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+import torch
+import torch_scatter
+
+###############################################################################
+# Pytorch implementation of the developability regularizer introduced in paper 
+# "Developability of Triangle Meshes" by Stein et al.
+###############################################################################
+def mesh_developable_reg(mesh):
+
+    verts = mesh.vertices
+    tris = mesh.faces
+
+    device = verts.device
+    V = verts.shape[0]
+    F = tris.shape[0]
+
+    POS_EPS = 1e-6
+    REL_EPS = 1e-6
+
+    def normalize(vecs):
+        return vecs / (torch.linalg.norm(vecs, dim=-1, keepdim=True) + POS_EPS)
+
+    tri_pos = verts[tris]
+
+    vert_normal_covariance_sum = torch.zeros((V, 9), device=device)
+    vert_area = torch.zeros(V, device=device)
+    vert_degree = torch.zeros(V, dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
+
+    for iC in range(3):  # loop over three corners of each triangle
+
+        # gather tri verts
+        pRoot = tri_pos[:, iC, :]
+        pA = tri_pos[:, (iC + 1) % 3, :]
+        pB = tri_pos[:, (iC + 2) % 3, :]
+
+        # compute the corner angle & normal
+        vA = pA - pRoot
+        vAn = normalize(vA)
+        vB = pB - pRoot
+        vBn = normalize(vB)
+        area_normal = torch.linalg.cross(vA, vB, dim=-1)
+        face_area = 0.5 * torch.linalg.norm(area_normal, dim=-1)
+        normal = normalize(area_normal)
+        corner_angle = torch.acos(torch.clamp(torch.sum(vAn * vBn, dim=-1), min=-1., max=1.))
+
+        # add up the contribution to the covariance matrix
+        outer = normal[:, :, None] @ normal[:, None, :]
+        contrib = corner_angle[:, None] * outer.reshape(-1, 9)
+
+        # scatter the result to the appropriate matrices
+        vert_normal_covariance_sum = torch_scatter.scatter_add(src=contrib,
+                                                               index=tris[:, iC],
+                                                               dim=-2,
+                                                               out=vert_normal_covariance_sum)
+
+        vert_area = torch_scatter.scatter_add(src=face_area / 3.,
+                                              index=tris[:, iC],
+                                              dim=-1,
+                                              out=vert_area)
+
+        vert_degree = torch_scatter.scatter_add(src=torch.ones(F, dtype=torch.int32, device=device),
+                                                index=tris[:, iC],
+                                                dim=-1,
+                                                out=vert_degree)
+
+    # The energy is the smallest eigenvalue of the outer-product matrix
+    vert_normal_covariance_sum = vert_normal_covariance_sum.reshape(
+        -1, 3, 3)  # reshape to a batch of matrices
+    vert_normal_covariance_sum = vert_normal_covariance_sum + torch.eye(
+        3, device=device)[None, :, :] * REL_EPS
+
+    min_eigvals = torch.min(torch.linalg.eigvals(vert_normal_covariance_sum).abs(), dim=-1).values
+
+    # Mask out degree-3 vertices
+    vert_area = torch.where(vert_degree == 3, torch.tensor(0, dtype=vert_area.dtype,device=vert_area.device), vert_area)
+
+    # Adjust the vertex area weighting so it is unit-less, and 1 on average
+    vert_area = vert_area * (V / torch.sum(vert_area, dim=-1, keepdim=True))
+
+    return vert_area * min_eigvals 
+
+def sdf_reg_loss(sdf, all_edges):
+    sdf_f1x6x2 = sdf[all_edges.reshape(-1)].reshape(-1,2)
+    mask = torch.sign(sdf_f1x6x2[...,0]) != torch.sign(sdf_f1x6x2[...,1])
+    sdf_f1x6x2 = sdf_f1x6x2[mask]
+    sdf_diff = torch.nn.functional.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(sdf_f1x6x2[...,0], (sdf_f1x6x2[...,1] > 0).float()) + \
+            torch.nn.functional.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(sdf_f1x6x2[...,1], (sdf_f1x6x2[...,0] > 0).float())
+    return sdf_diff
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/trellis/utils/loss_utils.py b/trellis/utils/loss_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52049f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trellis/utils/loss_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import torch
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+from torch.autograd import Variable
+from math import exp
+from lpips import LPIPS
+
+
+def smooth_l1_loss(pred, target, beta=1.0):
+    diff = torch.abs(pred - target)
+    loss = torch.where(diff < beta, 0.5 * diff ** 2 / beta, diff - 0.5 * beta)
+    return loss.mean()
+
+
+def l1_loss(network_output, gt):
+    return torch.abs((network_output - gt)).mean()
+
+
+def l2_loss(network_output, gt):
+    return ((network_output - gt) ** 2).mean()
+
+
+def gaussian(window_size, sigma):
+    gauss = torch.Tensor([exp(-(x - window_size // 2) ** 2 / float(2 * sigma ** 2)) for x in range(window_size)])
+    return gauss / gauss.sum()
+
+
+def create_window(window_size, channel):
+    _1D_window = gaussian(window_size, 1.5).unsqueeze(1)
+    _2D_window = _1D_window.mm(_1D_window.t()).float().unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0)
+    window = Variable(_2D_window.expand(channel, 1, window_size, window_size).contiguous())
+    return window
+
+
+def psnr(img1, img2, max_val=1.0):
+    mse = F.mse_loss(img1, img2)
+    return 20 * torch.log10(max_val / torch.sqrt(mse))
+
+
+def ssim(img1, img2, window_size=11, size_average=True):
+    channel = img1.size(-3)
+    window = create_window(window_size, channel)
+
+    if img1.is_cuda:
+        window = window.cuda(img1.get_device())
+    window = window.type_as(img1)
+
+    return _ssim(img1, img2, window, window_size, channel, size_average)
+
+def _ssim(img1, img2, window, window_size, channel, size_average=True):
+    mu1 = F.conv2d(img1, window, padding=window_size // 2, groups=channel)
+    mu2 = F.conv2d(img2, window, padding=window_size // 2, groups=channel)
+
+    mu1_sq = mu1.pow(2)
+    mu2_sq = mu2.pow(2)
+    mu1_mu2 = mu1 * mu2
+
+    sigma1_sq = F.conv2d(img1 * img1, window, padding=window_size // 2, groups=channel) - mu1_sq
+    sigma2_sq = F.conv2d(img2 * img2, window, padding=window_size // 2, groups=channel) - mu2_sq
+    sigma12 = F.conv2d(img1 * img2, window, padding=window_size // 2, groups=channel) - mu1_mu2
+
+    C1 = 0.01 ** 2
+    C2 = 0.03 ** 2
+
+    ssim_map = ((2 * mu1_mu2 + C1) * (2 * sigma12 + C2)) / ((mu1_sq + mu2_sq + C1) * (sigma1_sq + sigma2_sq + C2))
+
+    if size_average:
+        return ssim_map.mean()
+    else:
+        return ssim_map.mean(1).mean(1).mean(1)
+
+
+loss_fn_vgg = None
+def lpips(img1, img2, value_range=(0, 1)):
+    global loss_fn_vgg
+    if loss_fn_vgg is None:
+        loss_fn_vgg = LPIPS(net='vgg').cuda().eval()
+    # normalize to [-1, 1]
+    img1 = (img1 - value_range[0]) / (value_range[1] - value_range[0]) * 2 - 1
+    img2 = (img2 - value_range[0]) / (value_range[1] - value_range[0]) * 2 - 1
+    return loss_fn_vgg(img1, img2).mean()
+
+
+def normal_angle(pred, gt):
+    pred = pred * 2.0 - 1.0
+    gt = gt * 2.0 - 1.0
+    norms = pred.norm(dim=-1) * gt.norm(dim=-1)
+    cos_sim = (pred * gt).sum(-1) / (norms + 1e-9)
+    cos_sim = torch.clamp(cos_sim, -1.0, 1.0)
+    ang = torch.rad2deg(torch.acos(cos_sim[norms > 1e-9])).mean()
+    if ang.isnan():
+        return -1
+    return ang